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The layout of the construction site can have a significant impact on safety and productivity. The contractor must consider a large number of factors. That makes it difficult to optimize on all criteria so the goal is usually to satisfy all safety requirements with priority given to those factors that protect against fall, struck by, caught between and electrical hazards and that ensure effective response to emergences. On multi-contractor sites it is usually necessary and desirable to work through the general contractor to coordinate site layout with all contractors on site.
Criteria to be satisfied include:
- Protecting workers from vehicle traffic
- Allowing ready access to emergency vehicles
- Establishing safe work areas for mobile cranes
- Establishing and maintaining safe walking route
- Establishing storage location that minimize material handling, provide for safe storage, and allows for safe handling and transport of materials
- Locating motorized equipment to minimize noise exposure
- Prevent carbon monoxide exposure
- Keep equipment, storage areas and waste areas at least 2 feet away from any trench
- Placing noisy operations away from high occupancy areas
- Facilitating the prevent and suppression of fires
- Placing sanitation, rest, and water stations in convenient locations for workers
- Establish evacuation routes and rally points
Protect Workers from Vehicle Traffic
Note: A guide to establishing highway work zones is available at eLosh.org
- Establish vehicle routes that are appropriately marked with clear signage
- Use one-way routes if possible
- Separate pedestrian and vehicle traffic to the extent feasible, especially when vehicles are reversed, loaded, or unloaded
- Designate and mark pedestrian routes
- Allow ready access for emergency vehicles
- Ensure that access points and any required turns are sufficiently wide to allow access for the largest fire apparatus that may be required.
- Relocate overhead electrical lines where they would obstruct vehicle access, especially for emergency vehicles.
Plan for emergencies
- Arrange emergency evacuation routes and rally points
Plan for crane safety
- Establish safe work areas for mobile crane.
- Ensure sufficient space to create an exclusion zone around the cranes swing radius.
- Ensure that the crane can be set upon solid ground with no support less than two feet from any trench.
- Locate the crane to minimize moving materials over high occupancy work areas.
- Locate the crane to ensure that the minimum safe distance from overhead power lines can be maintained
Establish safe walking routes
- Keep pedestrian routes separated from vehicle routes to the extent feasible.
- Do not allow pedestrian passage through any exclusion zone.
- Establish storage areas that minimize materials handling and provide for safe storage, handling and transport of materials.
- Have materials delivered to a location convenient to where they will be used, with a safe path between the storage area and the use point
- Minimize the need to move materials from place to place for storage as the job progresses.
- Ensure that flammable materials are stored in compliance with 1926.151
- Do not locate storage areas where they are likely to cause workers to be too close to electrical hazards).
Select locations for motorized equipment that is:
- Locate internal combustion equipment outside, away front entrances, and down wind from workers. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a deadly but invisible and odorless gas. Even small internal combustion engines, such as those that power small electrical generators and power washers, can produce a deadly amount of CO in a short period of time. Diesel and natural gas engines produce less CO.
- Does not block exits or emergency access routes.
- Locate equipment and material/waste storage areas at least two feet way from any trench.
- If cutting, grinding, welding or other high noise activities are to be done in a limited number of locations, locate them away from high occupancy work areas to reduce noise exposures but close enough to the storage and use areas to minimize carrying. Noise level are cut by about three-fourths when the distance is doubled. Barriers can also be used to reduce noise exposures.
Facilitate the prevention, suppression and evacuation of fires by:
- Establishing flammable materials storage areas in accordance with 1926.151
- Not storing flammables within three feet of any fire door opening
- Locating fire extinguishers within one hundred feet of the area to be protected
- Ensuring that access routes can be maintained for emergency vehicles
- Keeping ignition sources like portable heaters off of wood floors and away from tarpaulins or other flammable materials.
Encourage good hygiene, cooling and hydration by:
- Locating rest areas and toilets close to work areas but away form high noise sources
- In hot weather locating water supplies in each work area.
- locate washing facilities near rest areas and points convenient to where workers exit the work-site.
Encourage the use of safety equipment by locating rebar caps, eye wash stations, waste recepticles and similar items convenient to each work location.
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Traffic safety, material handling, electrical safety, fire safety, struck by and caught in hazards that occur in construction work. |
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Many accidents result from the unplanned interaction of people, machines, and materials. Careful location planning allows these interactions to be controlled and highlights any potential problem areas.
Quality of Evidence
- Independent published studies have found a risk reduction.
- Safety and health experts believe there is a risk reduction.
Published studies are theoretical and do not report actual worksite injury outcomes.
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Productivity is particularly advanced through careful planning of material delivery and storage sites. Locating materials too far from their use point and the unnecessary moving of materials is costly and a frequent cause of injuries. Locating storage areas in traffic routes also results in inefficiencies and accidents.
Quality of Evidence
- Independent published studies have found an increase in productivity.
- Safety and health experts believe there is an increase in productivity.
Site layout effects many aspect of the project and may change as the project develops with time. Four dimensional programs that present layout constraints with time facilitate full-project planning. When safety related requirements and constraints are part of the planning algorythm the layout can be optimized for both safety and productivity.
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For computing ROI for your specific application, you will find additional information on our “Return on Investment Calculation” page. Many accidents and production delays are the result of poor planning. The small amount of time invested in planning reduces future costs due to injuries, delays and equipment damage. |
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Sophisticated software programs are available for planning large jobs. For the typical small job, graph paper and a ruler may be sufficient. Site layout plans may need to be revised as the job progresses, but initial plans should anticipate predictable changes. Also consider ANSI A 10.1 standard on planning for safety. |
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- Carpentry
- Build or install roof trusses
- Construct formwork for concrete footing and foundations
- Construct parapet walls and guard rails
- Construct suspended ceiling interior systems
- Cut boards and panels to required size
- Erect scaffolding
- Fit and nail exterior walls and roof sheathing
- Frame floors, walls, ceiling, stairs and roofs using wood and/or metal studs
- Inspect and work from scaffolding and pump jacks
- Install and finish flooring
- Install cabinets, countertops and moldings
- Install doors, windows and associated hardware
- Move, shape and place drywall
- Place wood, metal or engineered floor and ceiling beams
- Electrical
- Climb poles and structures
- Cut, shape and place conduit and wire trays
- Install and maintain electrical control system
- Install and maintain motors, pumps, fixtures, lights
- Install and maintain temporary wiring systems on construction sites
- Install and repair high voltage lines, transformers, switches
- Install interior wiring systems
- Lift and carry wire, cables and conduit
- Pull wire through conduits
- Splice and connect wiring systems
- Work with or remove old wiring
- Excavation & Demolition
- Clear or remove existing utility lines
- Deconstruct building foundations
- Deconstruct superstructures
- Dig and work in trenches or shore grade or step
- Identify, control and remove hazardous materials
- Load, transport or unload equipment
- Remove or recycle interior structures, doors and windows
- Remove or recycle mechanical and electrical components
- Rig, load and transport components debris
- General Labor
- Clear, prepare and fence construction sites
- Construct and remove concrete forms (sidewalks)
- Dig trenches, shovel and level ground
- Erect and disassemble scaffolding, shoring, braces temporary structures
- Housekeeping and debris removal or recycling
- Install traffic control markers, barricades and maintain traffic patterns
- Landscaping
- Load, unload and distribute construction materials
- Manual demolition
- Position and join sewer, water and storm drains
- Remove hazardous materials
- Use jackhammers and earth tampers
- Heavy Equipment Operation
- Assemble and disassemble crane
- Maintain heavy equipment
- Move equipment to, from and between sites
- Rig, load and transport materials and equipment
- Insulation & Lagging
- Access piping in trenches and confined spaces
- Assemble and dismantle scaffolding
- Attach insulation with tape, staples, glue, wire and bands
- Blow and place insulation into walls, ceilings and thermal controlled areas and equipment
- Install and apply fire stop products
- Maintain and remove old insulation including asbestos
- Place finished insulation around duct, pipes, tanks, vessels and mechanical equipment
- Interiors, Drywall & Glass
- Cut and install metal framing for windows and atriums
- Cut, etch and install decorative glass
- Cut, place and install windows, mirrors and protective glass and plastic
- Frame walls using wood studs, metal studs and door bucks
- Install and finish wood flooring
- Install cabinets, countertops, molding and doors
- Install floor coverings, carpet and tile
- Install partitions or cubicles
- Install suspended ceiling systems
- Install terrazzo and polished concrete
- Move and install drywall or panels
- Place and install fixtures and hardware
- Tape, mud and sand drywall
- Use ladders, scaffolds and lifts
- Masonry, Cement & Plaster
- Applying coats of plaster or stucco
- Caulking, sealing and waterproofing installations
- Chipping, scraping and grinding surfaces or joints
- Cleaning and finishing installations
- Cutting bricks, blocks, stone, concrete, tile or terrazzo
- Drilling holes and installing reinforcing rods and anchors
- Erecting and dismantling scaffolding
- Forming, pouring, laying or applying refractory materials
- Laying or setting brick, block, stone, tile or marble
- Mixing cement, mortar, plaster, or grout
- Operating power vibrator to compact concrete or grout
- Pouring or transporting cement, mortar, plaster, or grout
- Spreading, leveling, and smoothing concrete, mortar or terrazzo mixtures
- Transporting bricks, blocks, stone, tile, terrazzo or marble and riggings
- Paints & Coatings
- Abrasive Blasting
- Apply street markings
- Erect and work from scaffolds, ladder jacks and lifts
- Exterior paint with spray, brush or roller
- Hand tool surface preparation
- Interior paint with spray gun, brush or roller
- Mechanical Surface preparation
- Paint machinery, piping, signs, etc.
- Pressure wash and chemical surface prep and stripping
- Tape and sand wallboard
- Pipes & Vessels
- Assemble pipes, tubing and fittings
- Assemble vessel structures and parts
- Cut and drill holes in structures prior to pipe installation
- Cut, thread, hammer and bend pipes and vessel tubes
- Deburr and grind pipes and vessel tubes
- Dig, grade, level and cover trenches
- Disassemble and remove damaged or worn pipe
- Install bricks and other refractory materials in fireboxes
- Install pipe assemblies, fittings, valves, appliances and fixtures
- Lay and align pipe in trenches
- Mount brackets and hangers on walls and ceilings to hold pipes
- Repair or replace defective vessel parts
- Rigging
- Weld, braze, solder, cut, or gouge pipe sections or vessel parts
- Reinforced Concrete
- Build forms, lay down decking
- Cut or bend rebar
- Finish concrete
- Mixing concrete
- Pour, pump, vibrate concrete
- Remove forms
- Surface grinding or cutting
- Tie or cap rebar
- Unload, store, move, place rebar
- Residential Construction
- Build forms and reinforcing for footings and foundations
- Clear and grade
- Cut boards and panels to required shape and size
- Install and finish flooring
- Install cabinets, countertops, moldings
- Install doors, windows, attic access and associated hardware
- Install electrical
- Install exterior siding
- Install framing and roof trusses
- Install insulation
- Install modular or prefabricated components
- Install plumbing
- Install roof and exterior sheathing and sub-floors
- Install roofing shingles or tiles
- Install wood, metal or engineered floor and ceiling beams
- Lay block or brick
- Move, install and finish drywall
- Paint interior and exterior
- Pour concrete
- Transport materials manually
- Roofing
- Assemble and dismantling scaffolding
- Erect and climb ladders and scaffolds
- Install asphalt roofs
- Install flashing, gutters and downspouts
- Install membrane roofs
- Install roof sheathing
- Install roofing battens and underlayment
- Install tile or shingle roofs
- Remove old roofing materials
- Unload and transport material at ground level and to roofs
- Use roofing cement, tar, or caulk to cover nail holes
- Sheet Metal & HVAC
- Apply caulk, cement and mastic sealants
- Assemble fittings and fasten seams and joints using hand and power tools
- Clean, remove and repair existing ductwork/HVAC
- Install flashing, rain gutters and down spouts
- Install heating and air conditioning duct hangers & ductwork
- Install risers
- Layout, shear, drill and punch holes in metal
- Operate laser cutter and metal shearing machine
- Operate metal press, hand brake and forming machines
- Rig and set HVAC equipment with cranes, helicopters, hoists and lifts
- Shape metal material over anvils, blocks or other forms
- Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff and smooth assembled parts
- Unload and stock metal sheets and coils
- Weld, braze and solder seams and joints
- Structural Steel
- Assemble and disassemble structural members in shop and field
- Build or erect false work
- Dismantle or demolish metal structures
- Drill, grind and saw materials
- Erect and work from scaffolds, ladders and aerial lifts
- Erect stairways, curtain walls, railings etc.
- Hoist and move members and components in shop
- Place and connect structural members
- Unload, assemble, jump and diassemble cranes
- Weld, place or bolt exterior skin
- Weld, plasma cut, air-arc and flame cut metal
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